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The biological functions of phospholipids
1. The basic structure that constitutes biofilms
Phospholipid molecules spontaneously form Lipid Bilayer in water, constituting the basic framework of cell membranes and organelle membranes (such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum) :
The hydrophilic head faces outward (in contact with the aqueous solutions inside and outside the cell), and the hydrophobic tail faces inward (forming the hydrophobic area inside the membrane).
The lipid bilayer is fluid, allowing membrane proteins to embed or move, and supporting functions such as material transport and signal transmission in cells.
2. Participate in material transport and metabolism
Lipoprotein carriers: Phospholipids combine with proteins to form lipoproteins (such as low-density lipoprotein LDL and high-density lipoprotein HDL), which are responsible for transporting cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.
Emulsification: Phospholipids (such as lecithin) act as natural emulsifiers, which can disperse fat particles and promote the digestion and absorption of fat in the intestinal tract.
3. Cell signal transduction
Phosphatidylinositol, after enzymatic hydrolysis, generates second messengers (such as IP₃, DAG), which are involved in intracellular signaling pathways (such as G protein-coupled receptor signaling).
Phosphatidylserine turns outward during apoptosis and is recognized by immune cells as a "phagocytic signal".
4. Other functions
Nerve conduction: Sphingomyelin is the main component of nerve myelin sheath and can accelerate the conduction of nerve impulses.
Antioxidation: Some phospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine) possess antioxidant properties, protecting cell membranes from free radical damage.
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