L-Methionine
The methylthio group in L-Methionine is activated to form S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the body’s "universal methyl donor," participating in over 100 methyltransferase-catalyzed reactions that regulate critical biological processes: Nucleic acid methylation: Methylation of DNA and RNA influences gene expression (epigenetic regulation), with SAM donating methyl groups to cytosine residues in DNA. This process is essential for cell differentiation, embryonic development, and the prevention of abnormal gene activation (e.g., tumor suppressor gene silencing). Lipid metabolism: SAM methylates phosphatidylethanolamine to form phosphatidylcholine (a key component of cell membranes and bile acids), promoting fat transport from the liver and preventing fatty liver disease. It also regulates cholesterol synthesis by methylating sterols, reducing the risk of hypercholesterolemia. Neurotransmitter and hormone synthesis: SAM donates methyl groups for the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine (from norepinephrine), choline (precursor of acetylcholine), and melatonin (sleep-regulating hormone). It also participates in the activation of thyroid hormones (conversion of T4 to active T3), supporting metabolic rate and cognitive function. Homocysteine metabolism: SAM is converted to S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) after methyl donation, which is then hydrolyzed to homocysteine. L-Methionine thus regulates homocysteine levels—deficiency can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration.
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