L-Lysine monohydrochloride

• 

Basic Molecular and Structural Characteristics

• Molecular weight: 182.65 g/mol (free L-lysine: 146.19 g/mol; the hydrochloride moiety increases the molecular weight and modulates solubility/ stability).
• Chirality: L-configuration (the natural and biologically active isomer; D-lysine is non-bioactive and rarely used in industrial applications). The chiral center is at the α-carbon atom (C2​), with the amino group (−NH3+​) in the L-configuration (S-configuration in CIP nomenclature).
• Ionic nature: At physiological pH (7.35–7.45) and aqueous solution, it exists as a zwitterion with a hydrochloride counterion: the α-amino group (−NH2​) and ε-amino group (−NH2​) are protonated to NH3+​, the carboxyl group (−COOH) is deprotonated to COO−, and the Cl− ion remains free in solution to maintain electrical neutrality.
• Structural formula: H2​N−(CH2​)4​−CH(NH3+​)−COO−⋅Cl− (zwitterionic form in water); the neutral molecular formula for the solid salt is NH2​−(CH2​)4​−CH(NH2​)−COOH⋅HCl.
• Isoelectric point (pI): ~9.74 (calculated from its three dissociation constants: pKa1​ (α-COOH) = 2.18, pKa2​ (α-NH3+​) = 8.95, pKa3​ (ε-NH3+​) = 10.53). At pH < 9.74, it carries a net positive charge in solution— a key feature for its interaction with anionic biomolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids).

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